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Crown of Aleppo: The Mystery of the Oldest Hebrew Bible Codex, by Hayim Tawil, Bernard Schneider
Free Ebook Crown of Aleppo: The Mystery of the Oldest Hebrew Bible Codex, by Hayim Tawil, Bernard Schneider
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Thanks to this generous donor for making the publication of this book possible:
Jack B. Dweck.
The history and dramatic rescue of the oldest Hebrew Bible in book form
In Crown of Aleppo, Hayim Tawil and Bernard Schneider tell the incredible story of the survival, against all odds, of the Aleppo Codex—one of the most authoritative and accurate traditional Masoretic texts of the Bible.
Completed circa 939 in Tiberias, the Crown was created by exacting Tiberian scribes who copied the entire Bible into book form, adding annotations, vowel and cantillation marks, and precise commentary. Praised by Torah scholars for centuries after its writing, the Crown passed through history until the 15th century when it was housed in the Great Synagogue of Aleppo, Syria. When the synagogue was burned in the 1947 pogrom, the codex was thought to be destroyed, lost forever.
That is where its great mystery begins. Miraculously, a significant portion of the Crown of Aleppo survived the fire and was smuggled from the synagogue ruins to an unknown location—presumably within the Aleppan Jewish community. Ten years later, the surviving pages of the codex were secretly brought to Israel and finally moved to their current location in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.
This wonderfully rich book contains more than 50 rare photographs and maps, some in full color, including those of the Aleppo Codex, the Great Synagogue of Aleppo, and of the people who played a part in its rescue.
- Sales Rank: #1750581 in Books
- Brand: Brand: The Jewish Publication Society
- Published on: 2010-04-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 10.20" h x .70" w x 7.00" l, 1.25 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 220 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
From Publishers Weekly
In this fascinating and comprehensive investigation into the Aleppo Codex, scholars Tawil and Schneider vividly recreate the history of this rare and eminently significant text and track its intriguing any tragic course through time. Through their analysis of its authorship in then10th century; insights into its association with medieval and modern biblical luminaries; pointed questions regarding its partial destruction; and rare photographs, the authors convey both the spiritual and material significance of what many call simply the Crown. As the most authoritative rendering of the Torah, the Crown's maintenance and survival was vital, yet its transfer from place to place over the centuries has almost always been shrouded in mystery. During its 500-year stay in Aleppo, Syria, under the superstitious and watchful eye of the Jewish community there, only a handful of religious scholars were permitted to view the sacred codex, reflecting an unfortunate reality since pogroms in the 1940s destroyed substantial portions of the text. This highly readable and intriguing account will captivate readers both familiar and unfamiliar with the history of the Crown.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Review
“All in all, although the book is small, it contains a wealth of information that people kissing and otherwise extolling the Torah should know.”—Jewish Eye (Jewish Eye)
“I once heard Elie Wiesel say: ‘Go try to write Jewish fiction when Jewish reality is always more incredible than anything that you can imagine!’ I thought of that line when I read this book . . . for if a novelist had made up this story, it would have been dismissed as impossible to believe.”—Rabbi Jack Reimer for the South Florida Jewish Journal (Rabbi Jack Reimer South Florida Jewish Journal)
“The story of how the Dead Sea Scrolls were found . . . is well known. But the remarkable tale of the Crown of Aleppo, itself a simply priceless work, is much less known. This book from the Jewish Publication Society should start to fix that.”—Bill’s Faith Matters Weblog (Bill's Faith Matters Weblog)
“Crown of Aleppo amounts to something of a short course in Jewish history in general and Bible scholarship in particular for the non-specialist reader. But it is also a kind of a thriller . . . that is solidly rooted in fact.”—Heritage Florida Jewish News (Heritage Florida Jewish News)
“This new book not only shares a gripping story of survival and preservation, but it also explains a lot about how our modern Bibles were preserved through the millennia.”—Read the Spirit (Read the Spirit)
From the Inside Flap
Crown of Aleppo
The Mystery of the Oldest Hebrew Bible Codex
Hayim Tawil and Bernard Schneider
Known by many simply as "the Crown," the Aleppo Codex is the earliest known codex of the Hebrew Bible. Considered to be the most authoritative and accurate Masoretic biblical text, it is now treasured as one of the most important biblical manuscripts in all of Jewish history.
Completed by about 930, the Crown was created by exacting Tiberian scribes who took years to copy the entire Bible from parchment scrolls into book form, adding vowel and cantillation marks, and precise annotations as they worked.
Praised by Torah scholars for centuries, the Crown passed through many hands until the 15th century, when it found a safe home in the Great Synagogue of Aleppo, Syria. But when the synagogue was burned in the 1947 pogrom, the codex was thought to be destroyed, lost forever.
That is where its great mystery begins. Miraculously, a significant portion of the Crown of Aleppo survived the great fire and was smuggled from the synagogue ruins to an unknown location--presumably in Aleppo. Ten years later, the surviving pages of the codex were secretly brought to Israel and finally moved to their current location in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.
This is the story of how, in medieval Israel, this masterpiece came to be, and how, hundreds of years later, it found its way back to its homeland.
Hayim Tawil received his Ph.D. from Columbia University and is professor of Hebrew language and literature at Yeshiva University in New York. Tawil has published numerous articles in comparative Semitic lexicography and he is the author of the recently published An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew (2009). He is also the author of Operation Esther: Opening the door for the Last Jews of Yemen, and in 2001, was nominated for the Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights for his work in Yemen.
Bernard Schneider has a J.D. and a LL.M. in Taxation from New York University and a M.I.A. from Columbia University and is a practicing lawyer. He has a long standing interest in the Bible and represented the United States at the International Bible Contest in Jerusalem in 1983 and 1985.
Most helpful customer reviews
22 of 23 people found the following review helpful.
This is information people should know
By Israel Drazin
Millions kiss the Torah scroll as it is taken around the synagogue during services, but do not know the history of the Torah text, why it is written in a scroll and not a book, why no vowels are allowed in the scroll, and are there scrolls that have some words with different spellings. This short well-written book answers many of these questions and dramatically tells the fascinating story of the composition of the earliest currently-existing copy of the Hebrew Bible, a volume composed as a book, called a codex, and not a scroll, in the ninth century.
The Torah was copied by hand and, because of human nature and despite careful examinations, errors crept into the text, mostly spelling differences. These small differences were noted and during the first millennium decisions had to be made which scrolls contain the correct wording and which had mistakes. A group of people called Masorites, a word meaning "traditionalists," worked on the Torah texts to determine the traditional or, more precisely, the correct wording.
The Masorites were biblical scholars and scribes who are generally thought to have lived in Israel between about the seventh and the early twelfth century. Masorites studied the wording and spelling of scriptural words and determined the correct Torah text. They also created vowel signs to facilitate the reading of the Torah and show how it should be read, vocalization signs to demonstrate how each term should be pronounced, and accentuation markings indicating how the text should be parsed and chanted. The Masorites also wrote thousands of notations concerning the proper spelling of biblical words, how frequently such spellings occurred and other characteristics of the text. Unfortunately, not all the Masorites agreed and their notations differ.
The most famous and most respected Masorite was Aharon ben Moshe ben Asher of the tenth century. He lived and worked in Tiberias in Israel. The city flourished until the arrival of the Crusaders in the early twelfth century, when it was destroyed.
Ben Asher is considered the creator of the Masoretic notes to the most authentic version of the Torah. Maimonides saw his codex - a codex is a book, in contrast to a scroll - and stated that it is the correct text of the Bible. Jewry accepted Maimonides' decision and the Ben Asher codex became the accepted version of the Torah. Other Torah manuscripts were compared with it to determine whether they were correct.
The manuscript was taken from Tiberias to Aleppo in Syria; therefore people named it the Aleppo Codex. Since the Jews of Aleppo called their city Aram Tzova, and since they considered the codex the "crown" of their city - crown is keter in Hebrew - they also called the Ben Asher codex Keter Aram Tzova. The Keter was placed in a box in the Aleppo synagogue for safekeeping.
Tragically, in 1947, because of the tensions leading up to the reestablishment of the State of Israel, which was founded in 1948, the Syrian government encouraged its citizens to destroy Jewish holy sites. The synagogue that housed the treasured Keter was burned and only parts of the codex were saved from destruction. The first and last parts of the Bible, as well as individual pages from the middle, including virtually all of the Pentateuch, were lost.
Scientists who examined the remains of the codex are convinced that the codex was not damaged by the fire. Thus it is possible that some people found the codex after the synagogue was destroyed and stole parts of it either to sell the fragments, because they felt that possession of parts of the codex would bring them luck, or for some other nefarious or foolish reason.
Tawil and Schneider describe the history of the codex from the time of its composition until now and tell many interesting additional facts in their book, such as the following. Was the scribe Shlomo ben Buya'a, who wrote the consonants in the Crown, and Aharon ben Asher, who added the Masoretic notes, Karaites and not rabbinically-minded Jews? What is the weird story of the involvement of the famous self-aggrandizing forger Abraham Firkovich, what are some of his adventures, and how was he involved with the Crown? How did the Aleppo community fail to preserve the codex properly during the more than 400 years (1478-1957) that it was in their possession and how did this negligence damage the book? Why was a famous Bible scholar mistakenly convinced that the Aleppo codex was not the one approved by Maimonides? Why did some misguided person change Maimonides' writing about the codex? How did Murad Faham rescue the codex while putting his life in danger by the Syrian government? How did the leaders of the Aleppo community persecute Faham, including instituting legal proceedings against him? What are the curious superstitions that surround the codex?
All in all, although the book is small, it contains a wealth of information that people kissing and otherwise extolling the Torah should know.
11 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
Dramatic True Story of a Priceless Bible's Survival Will Interest All Readers
By David Crumm
This fascinating, illustrated book from the Jewish Publication Society will fascinate Jews and non-Jews as well. Illustrated with dozens of photos that bring this dramatic and mysterious history to life, "Crown of Aleppo" is a survival story about one of the world's most valuable Bibles.
This particular Bible was created more than 1,000 years ago and is widely believed to be the oldest Hebrew Bible in book form in the world. This particular Bible is called "Crown of Aleppo," because it was famous for centuries as a prized possession of the Jewish community in Aleppo, Syria. In the Medieval era, scholars from many parts of the world traveled to consult this book, which is often called the "Aleppo Codex," these days. The word "codex" is Latin for "book," a volume of bound pages as opposed to a scroll.
First, "Crown of Aleppo" is a dramatic story of cliff-hanger incidents as the priceless Bible nearly was lost in a tragic pogrom against Aleppo's Jewish community in late 1947. Families, businesses and the Great Synagogue all were targets of these deadly attacks. One report indicates the synagogue burned so intensely because it was assaulted by men spraying benzene, rather than water, on the flames. The blaze was so intense that it roared around the metal safe designed to protect the most valuable manuscripts. As news of the attacks spread around the world, most people assumed that the Crown was gone.
Miraculously, it seems, most of the Crown was saved. Hundreds of pages somehow survived the fire and were plucked from the debris. Many pages are gone. Some missing pages turned up later. The new book gives us various perspectives on what might have happened, including a number of first-hand accounts of what unfolded right after the fire.
In addition to the high drama, the book explains why the Crown was such a milestone in Hebrew Bible scholarship. Among other things, it is the earliest codex with a complex series of markings to show how the Hebrew should be pronounced and chanted. The famous Jewish teacher Maimonides may have personally studied this volume--but you'll have to read "Crown of Aleppo" to find out if that claim is true. The crossover interest among non-Jewish readers is pretty obvious. This new book not only shares a gripping story of survival and preservation, but it also explains a lot about how our modern Bibles were preserved through the millennia.
6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Recounts what scholarship, archaeology, and history have to say about the writing of The Crown
By Midwest Book Review
Hayim Tawil (professor of Hebrew Language and Literature, Yeshiva University) and lawyer and Biblical scholar Bernard Schneider present Crown of Aleppo: The Mystery of the Oldest Hebrew Bible Codex, a scholarly study of the creation, history, and message of the Aleppo Codex, also known as "The Crown". Completed in the year 930, The Crown is the earliest known codex of the Hebrew Bible. Widely thought to be the one of the most accurate Masoretic biblical texts, The Crown is one of the most critical Biblical manuscripts of Jewish history. The Crown was thought lost when the Great Synagogue of Aleppo, Syria was burned in a 1947 pogrom, yet a notable portion of The Crown survived the pogrom fire and was transported to an unknown location, until it could eventually be moved to the Shrine of the Book in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem. "Crown of Aleppo" recounts what scholarship, archaeology, and history have to say about the writing of The Crown, who its authors must have been, how it has been passed down through the generations, and its (unfortunately incomplete) restoration after the 1947 catastrophe. A handful of black-and-white photographs as well as endnotes, a glossary, a bibliography and an index illustrate this thoughtful, methodical, and exhaustively researched analysis. "Crown of Aleppo" is an excellent supplement to Judaic Studies and college library shelves.
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